It is used in citations to present authorities and indicate how those authorities relate to propositions in statements. School of government legal citation and style guide. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority or significance of a legal citation as it relates to a proposition. Carswell, 2010, also known as the mcgill guide, which is the style guide most commonly used by canadian courts. Short form citations should only be used where the reader will find it easy to return to the full citation.
Effective january 1, 2008, however, california rule of court, rule 1. The title of the book, also in small caps, should follow. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. Infra refers to material that appears later in the document, but never for books see r15. Last modified 72015 after providing a full citation of a periodical, you may use id. If you plan to refer to this case later, provide the reader with a short form in brackets. Therefore, the most common format for a supra short form citation consists of the authors last name followed supra, offset by a comma. Presented by the academic achievement program october. The bluebook is the most commonly used system for legal citations in the united states, especially for legal scholarship, but also with modifications by local rules in judicial opinions and party briefs this proposal covers citations to united states legal materialsu. Short form for periodicals introduction to the bluebook. State, infra, it means that the exact citation of the case, including volume and page number, will follow later in the document. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal.
Book as a means of penalty avoidance and statutory interpretation united states v. Suprainfra september 16, 2003 peter leithart patheos explore the worlds faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality. It follows the canadian guide to uniform legal citation, 7th ed toronto. Bruce ackerman, robert borks grand inquisition, 99 y ale l.
Legal writers use citation signals to tell readers how the citations support or do not support their. As adverbs the difference between infra and supra is that infra is legal used to refer to something discussed later while supra is legal used to indicate that the current citation is from the same source as the previous one. Infra is distinguished from supra which shows that a case has already been cited above. The less complete or short form citation must clearly identify the referenced work. Introductory signals and citation structure signals indicate the degree of support given by cited authority. Books, reports, treatises bluebook legal citation tarlton. The book is titled its great to be a miami hurricane. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. If youre referring to a previous article posner, supra note 5, at 256 then yes.
In the first example, see is not underlined because it is part of a grammatical sentence used as a verb and is not being used as a signal rule 1. I will double check once im at work and have my bluebook, but i believe it depends on which supra youre using. A pinpoint citation directly follows the title, which designates the specific pages on which the cited material appears. Note and part refer to footnotes and parts when parts are specifically designed in the same piece. Supra definition and meaning collins english dictionary.
Supra citations are most commonly used for secondary authority, such as books and periodicals. Instead a second reference to a case can be to one of the party names, with a shortened pinpoint cite, if appropriate. Sanford levinson, wrestling with diversity 25 2003. A different shorter work than what was cited previously. If youre referring to a part of the document itself see supra, notes 510 and accompanying text then no. The bluebook is the most commonly used system for legal citations in the united states, especially for legal scholarship, but also with modifications by local rules in judicial opinions. The short form implies that the full citation was set out earlier, so supra is redundant. Supra refers to material that has already appeared in the document and it has its own rule at 4. Table of authorities the ultimate guide legal office guru.
When referring to a source that is a collection of works, use supra to reference rule 15. Use of supra and infra 22 shortform cites 22 internal crossreferences 23 use of signals in textual sentences23 no signal needed 23 signal required 24 e. Blue pages are mostly used in briefs, motions, memoranda, and opinions. Check that the form of the citation conforms to the bluebook. Blue pages first section of rules for practitioners, organized as. Include the full citation to the case immediately after the relevant text. This is a proposed citation style to adapt the bluebook to the unique needs of wikipedia. Shepardize or keycite, and check the supplement when applicable. Supra short form use the authors last name or article title if no author along with supra, indicating the original footnote the work was fully cited in and the pages on which the cited material appears. The term infra is legal shorthand to indicate that a particular reference will be further discussed or cited later in a document. Infra is also used in books, articles, and cases to refer the reader to later pages, sections, or footnotes of the text. United states department of justice office of the solicitor. Generally, intext references are used for memoranda and facta while footnotes are used for other legal writing. The 20th edition of the bluebook was published in 2015.
A book, report, treatise, or other nonperiodic material may be cited in shortform after it has been in full. A term employed in legal writing to indicate that the matter designated will appear beneath or in the pages following the reference. Supra provides a cutting edge electronic lockbox system to the real estate industry. See task force, supra note 4, at 590 the bluebook sic is the overwhelming source of authority for legal citation form in academe. California style manual for many years, the california style manual has served as the official guide for styling citations to legal materials in documents filed with state courts in california. This section provides a brief guide to frequently used bluebook citation rules and sets out several exceptions.
Infra definition, below, especially when used in referring to parts of a text. Infra is distinguished from supra, which shows that a case has already been cited above. Law school bluebook basics one of the books that all 1l law students are required to purchase is the bluebook. This guide provides answers specifically to questions about the citation rules in the white pages, not the blue pages.
Citing legal sources quick reference this quick reference 2to citing legal sources provides guidance on creating citations for the most commonly used legal sources. In actuality the application of the rule can be quite simple. The bluebook system, however, is subject to the exceptions set forth in this manual. Showing alerts, mobile productivity tools, and listing activity reports are advantages of the supra system that create sales opportunities for real estate agents. For help with other source types, like books, pdfs, or websites, check out our other guides. The bluebook is the most commonly used system for legal citations in the united states, especially for legal scholarship, but also with modifications by local rules in judicial opinions and party briefs. Infra refers to material that appears later in the document, but never for. Abbreviated reporter names can be found in table t1 of the blue book. Scary music in my experience, few things strike more fear into the hearts of legal support staff than having to put. If a case was not published in the southern reporter series, it should be cited to the appropriate reporter according to the bluebook table t. Since the book is blue, its only fair that super supra gets a pink logo. Use the title of the collection instead of an author in the supra reference.
Sep 16, 2003 suprainfra september 16, 2003 peter leithart patheos explore the worlds faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality. The larger work after earlier citing to one of the shorter works. For books, the authors name should appear as it does on the title page of the book, in small caps followed by a comma. Although it is intended to highlight the bluebook, and not substitute for it, we hope this guide provides a convenient, delawarespecific resource for the superior courts judicial officers, law clerks, interns, externs, and staff. Proper citation format for louisiana cases all louisiana cases should be cited only to the southern reporter series, if available. Portions of text, footnotes, and groups of authorities within the piece are cited with supra or infra. I personally have developed a great love, respect, and appreciation for the use of supra in legal writing. Supra refers to material already in the piece, and infra to material appearing later in the piece. Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and. The anxiety of a jthority absence, a rather impressive literature 8. Its the one legal professionspecific feature in microsoft word. This book is a reference guide that, believe it or not, will be just about the only book you take from law school into your practice as a lawyer.
Mclaughlin, infra, meaning the exact citation of the case, including volume and page number, will follow later in the document. The revised office of the solicitor general citation manual is designed to showcase only the ways in which the osg citation style differs from the 19th edition of the bluebook, or where a bluebook rule needs emphasizing due to common errors. Within the bluebook, and also in supporting materials, help can be found for deciphering the rules of citation. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
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